CHAPTER 9..~ENABLING THE ORGANIZATION - DECISION MAKING..~ :) ....

CHAPTER 9..~ENABLING THE ORGANIZATION - DECISION MAKING..~ :) ....

Assalamualaikum...
We meet again, actually this is my study week time..time to study..huhu:) ..!! i wanna share to you a little information about what I have learn in the chapter 9...

In organization, the have an organization levels that is in the top is EXECUTIVE, followed by MANAGERS and lastly is ANALYSIS...This IT System use more non-programmed decision in their organization..

I  found that information is derived from operation..A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS) is a model information to support managers and business professionals during the decision making process..It shows how organization make a decision by using the system..

I also found that everything in our life used an IT...for example, escalator in shopping complex...there are used an INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS as a commercial applications of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE..


There have 4 categories ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)...that is EXPERT SYSTEM that used in Petrol Station...they have used a AI in order to solve a problems...
Second is, NEURAL NETWORKS...that is emulate the way the human brain works..

In our house, there is a lot of IT System...that is washing machine which is the example of FUZZY LOGIC..
Most of us did not aware it..


Third is GENETIC ALGORITHMS..it is used to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem..if the company have faced a problem..they can used this system in order to solved it..

Lastly is INTELLIGENT AGENTS...that is special purpose knowledge based information system that accomplishes specific tasks on behalf of its users..example is Shopping Bot...


wish me luck in my study...havva nice day uolz...may allah blessed u...~

• Accessing Organizational Information
  
  

The company also uses data warehouse information to perform the following:

·         Base labor budgets on actual number or guests served per hour.

·         Develop promotional sale item analysis to help avoid losses from overstocking or 

under stocking inventory.

·         Determine theoretical and actual costs of food and the use of ingredients.

• History of Data Warehousing
  
  

Operational systems typically include accounting, order entry, customer service, and sales and

are not appropriate for business analysis for the following reasons:

·         Information from other operational applications is not included.

·         Operational systems are not integrated, or not available in one place.

·         Operational information is mainly current—does not include the history that is 

required to make good decisions.

·         Operational information frequently has quality issues —the information needs to 

be cleansed

·         Without information history, it is difficult to tell how and why things change over 

time.

·         Operational systems are not designed for analysis and decision support.

  Data Ware house Fundamentals

A data warehouse is a logical collection of information—gathered from many different 

operational databases—that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.

Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL), which is a process that extracts information 

form internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of 

enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse.

 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND DATA MINING

A cube is the common term for the representation of multidimensional information.

Data mining is the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data 

alone.

Date-mining tools use a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large 

volumes of information and infer rules from them that predict future behavior and guide decision 

making.

  INFORMATION CLEANSING OR SCRUBBING

Information cleansing or scrubbing is a process that weeds out and fixes or discards 

inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information.

• Business Intelligence
  
  

Business intelligence (BI) refers to applications and technologies that are used to gather, 

provide access to, and analyze data and information to support decision-making efforts.

A certain school of thought draws parallels between the challenges in business and those of 

war, specifically:

·         Collecting information.

·         Discerning patterns and meaning in the information.

·         Responding to the resultant information.

 ENABLING BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

Technology–the most significant enabler of business intelligence.

People– Understanding the role of people in BI allows organizations to systematically create 

insight and turn these insights into actions.

Culture – A key responsibility of executives is to shape and manage corporate culture.

• 
  
  Storing Organizational Information
  
  

Organizational information is stored in a database.

• Relational Database Fundamentals
  
  

A database maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events 

(transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).

In a hierarchical database model, information is organized into a tree-like structure 

that allows repeating information using parent/child relationships in such a way that it 

cannot have too many relationships.

The network database model is a flexible way of representing objects and their 

relationships.

The relational database model is a type of database that stored information in the form 

of logically related two-dimensional tables.

  ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES

An entity in the relational database model is a person , place, thing, transaction, or event 

about which information is stored.

 KEYS AND RELATIONSHIPS

A primary key is a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table.

A foreign key in the relational database model is a primary key of one table that appears as 

an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two 

tables.

• Relational Database Advantages
  
  

From a business perspective, database information offers many advantages, including:

·         Increased flexibility.

·         Increased scalability and performance.

·         Reduced information redundancy.

·         Increased information integrity (quality).

·         Increased information security.

 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY

The physical view of information deals with the physical storage of information on a 

storage device such as a hard disk.

The logical view of information focuses on how users logically access information to meet 

their particular business needs.

  INCREASED SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

Scalability refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands.

Performance measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction.

  REDUCED INFORMATION REDUNDANCY

Redundancy is the duplication of information, or storing the same information in multiple 

places.

  INCREASED INFORMATION INTEGRITY (QUALITY)

Information integrity is a measure of the quality of information.

Within a database environment, integrity constraints are rules that help ensure the 

quality of information.

There are two types of integrity constraints:

1. Relational integrity constraints are rules that enforce basic and fundamental 
   information-based constraints.
   
   
2. Business-critical integrity constraints enforce business rules vital to an 
   organization’s success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational 
   integrity constraints.
   
   

  INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY

• Database Management Systems
  
  

A database management system (DBMS) is software through which users and 

application programs interact with a database.

  DATA-DRIVEN WEBSITES

A data-driven website is an interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to 

the needs of its customers through the use of a database.

  DATA-DRIVEN WEBSITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGES

When building a website, ask two primary questions to determine if the website needs a 

database:

1.     How often will the content change?

2.     Who will be making the content changes?

   DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

Companies can gain business intelligence by viewing the data accessed and analyzed from 

their website.

• Integrating Information among Multiple Databases
  
  

An integration allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other.

Without integrations, an organization will (1) spend considerable time entering the same

 information in multiple systems and (2) suffer from the low quality and inconsistency 

typically embedded in redundant information.

A forward integration takes information entered into a given system an sends it 

automatically to all downstream systems and processes

A backward integration takes information entered into a given system and sends it 

automatically to all upstream systems and processes.

Chapter 6- Valuing Organizational Information

Valuing Organizational Information

Organizational Information

- Information granularity: refers to the extent of detail within the information(fine and detailed or coars and abstract).

Successfully levels, in varied formats, exhibiting different granularity can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is performing.

The Values of Transactional and Analytical Information

-Transactional Information encompasses all of the information contained within a single business or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks.

- Analytical Information encompasses all organizational information , and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managering analysis tasks.

The Value of Timely Information

-Real time information means immediate, up-to-date information.

-Real time system provide real time information in response to query requests.

The Value of Information

-Business decisions are only as good as the quality of information used to make the decision.

-Hight Quality information

        1. Accuracy

        2. Completeness

        3. Consistency

        4. Uniqueness

        5. Timeliness

 Understand the cost of Poor Information

- Using the wrong information can lead to make the wrong decision. As a consequense wrong decisions can cost time, money, and even reputation.

Understanding the Benefits of good Information

- High quality information does not automatically guarantee that every decision you made is going to be a good one, since people ultimately make decisions. However, hight quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision and irectly increase an organization's bottom line.

Chapter 5 Organizational Structures...

Different Organization Position that hold up an organizational structures

    The chief information officer (CIO) is responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and ensuring the strategic alignment of IT (information technology) with business goals and objectives.

    The chief technology officer (CTO) is responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed accuracy, availability, and reliability of an organization's information technology.

    The chief security officer (CSO) is responsible for ensuing the security of IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attacks from hacker sand viruses.

    The chief privacy officer (CPO) is responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization.

    The chief knowledge officer (CKO) is responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization's knowledge. The CKO designs program and systems that make it easy for people to reuse knowledge.


    Business personnel posses expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting, sales and so forth. IT personnel have the technological expertise. Business personnel have their own vocabularies based on their experience and expertise while IT personnel have their own vocabularies consisting of acronyms and technical terms.